Time value of money
Future and present value, annuities, annuity payouts, CDs and the rule of 72, at every compounding frequency.
Future Value Calculator
What a present amount and regular payments grow to at any compounding frequency, from annual to continuous, with the effective annual rate.
Present Value Calculator
What a future sum, a series of payments or a perpetuity is worth today at the discount rate you choose, with the discount factor.
Annuity Calculator
An annuity in two phases: what a starting amount and regular contributions grow to, then the level payment that value pays out over a fixed term.
Annuity Payout Calculator
The level income a lump sum pays over the years you choose, the interest-only income that never touches it, and how long a payment you pick would last.
CD Calculator
What a certificate of deposit is worth at maturity from a quoted APY or a nominal rate, the APY a nominal rate gives, the early withdrawal penalty and a ladder.
Rule of 72 Calculator
How long money takes to double, triple or quadruple by the rule of 72 and exactly, with the error between them, and the rate needed for a given time.
Inflation Calculator
What an amount will cost, or be worth in today’s money, after years of inflation at a yearly rate you choose. Not based on CPI history.
APY Calculator
Convert a nominal interest rate to its annual percentage yield and back at any compounding, or find the APY of an account from the interest it paid.
TVM Calculator
Solve any one of the five time value of money keys, N, I/Y, PV, PMT or FV, the way a financial calculator does.
A sum of money is worth more now than the same sum later, and these pages put numbers on how much. Future value compounds a present amount forward; present value discounts a future amount back; an annuity is a level stream of payments in either direction. The compounding frequency matters and is shown: 6% a year compounded monthly is 6.17% effective, and continuously 6.18%. A zero rate is handled as the plain sum of the payments rather than a division by zero, and a payment that never exhausts its balance is reported as never running out instead of as an absurd number of years. The future value page agrees with the compound interest calculator to the cent, and the annuity payout page with the loan payment calculator, because they are the same arithmetic.